Citation Formatting Examples

The first time a specific work is cited, provide its full details in a footnote. Subsequent references need to be provided in a shortened note format. 

Please note that all references in other languages than English should be translated. 

In places where multiple works are cited in the same sentence or phrase, a single footnote at the end of the phrase is preferable, citing all works separated by a semicolon. 


Books

Titles should be listed in italics. Traditionally, the facts of publication for books include the place (city), the publisher, and the date (year). 

The city is usually indicated on the title or copyright page, and is the place where the publisher's editorial office is located. For cases where multiple cities are listed, only the first one should be included. Commonly used English names of cities are prefered. If there is no place of publication specified, the abbreviation n.p. is to be used before the publisher's name. The publisher name does not need to be translated to English. 

Regarding the date of publication, for books, only the year, not the month or day, is included in the publication date. In the very rare case when the date cannot be discerned, the abbreviation n.d. should be included. 

footnotes:

shortened footnotes: Smith, Swing Time, 320. // Grazer and Fishman, Curious Mind, 37. // Rosanvallon, Le Siècle du populisme. // Einsohn, The Copyeditor's Handbook.


Chapter or part of an edited book

In a footnote, cite specific pages. 

footnote: Henry David Thoreau, “Walking,” in The Making of the American Essay, ed. John D’Agata (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

shortened footnote: Thoreau, “Walking,” 182.

In some cases, you may want to cite the collection as a whole instead.

footnote: John D’Agata, ed., The Making of the American Essay (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2016), 177–78.

shortened footnote: D’Agata, American Essay, 182.


Translated book

footnote: Jhumpa Lahiri, In Other Words, trans. Ann Goldstein (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2016), 146.

shortened footnote: Lahiri, In Other Words, 184.


E-book

For books consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database and the date it was consulted. For other types of e-books, name the format. If no fixed page numbers are available, cite a section title or a chapter or other number in the notes, if any (or simply omit).

footnote: 

Shortened notes: Melville, Moby-Dick, 722–23. // Kurland and Lerner, Founders’ Constitution, chap. 4, doc. 29. // Borel, Fact-Checking, 104–5.


Journal article

Titles of articles are set in roman (except for individual words or phrases that require italics, such as species names or book titles; they are usually capitalized headline-style and put in quotation marks. In a footnote, cite specific page numbers. For articles consulted online, include a URL or the name of the database and the date it was consulted. Many journal articles list a DOI (Digital Object Identifier). A DOI forms a permanent URL that begins with https://doi.org/. This URL is preferable to the URL that appears in your browser’s address bar.

footnote: 

shortened footnotes: Satterfield, “Livy,” 172–73. // Keng, Lin, and Orazem, “Expanding College Access,” 23. / /LaSalle, “Conundrum,” 101.

Journal articles often list many authors, especially in the sciences. All authors should be listed in the citation. 

footnote: Rachel A. Bay, Noah Rose, Rowan Barrett, Louis Bernatchez, Cameron K. Ghalambor, Jesse R. Lasky, Rachel B. Brem, Stephen R. Palumbi, Peter Ralph, Associate Editor: Scott L. Nuismer, and Editor: Yannis Michalakis, “Predicting Responses to Contemporary Environmental Change Using Evolutionary Response Architectures.” American Naturalist 189, no. 5 (May 2017): 465, https://doi.org/10.1086/691233.


News or magazine article

Articles from newspapers or news sites, magazines, blogs, and the like are cited similarly. If you consulted the article online, include a URL or the name of the database.

footnote: 

shortened notes: Mead, “Dystopia,” 47. // Manjoo, “Snap.” // Pegoraro, “Apple’s iPhone.” // Pai, “History of Peeps.”

For unsigned newspaper articles, the title of the newspaper stands in place of the author. 

footnote: "In Texas, Ad Heats Up Race for Governor," New York Times, July 30, 2002.

Readers’ comments are cited in the text or in a footnote.

footnote: Eduardo B (Los Angeles), March 9, 2017, comment on Manjoo, “Snap.”


Press release

Names of news services, unlike titles of newspapers, are capitalized but not italicized.


Book review

footnote: Michiko Kakutani, “Friendship Takes a Path That Diverges,” review of Swing Time, by Zadie Smith, New York Times, November 7, 2016.

shortened footnote: Kakutani, “Friendship.”


Interview

footnote: Kory Stamper, “From ‘F-Bomb’ to ‘Photobomb,’ How the Dictionary Keeps Up with English,” interview by Terry Gross, Fresh Air, NPR, April 19, 2017, audio, 35:25, http://www.npr.org/2017/04/19/524618639/from-f-bomb-to-photobomb-how-the-dictionary-keeps-up-with-english.

shortened note: Stamper, interview.


Thesis or dissertation

footnote: 

shortened note: Rutz, “King Lear,” 158. // Vedrashko, "Advertising in Computer Games." 


Website content

The citation can be styled like the examples below. For a source that does not list a date of publication or revision, include an access date (as in example note 2).

footnote: 

shortened notes: Google, “Privacy Policy.” // “Yale Facts.” // Bouman, “Black Hole.”

If a site ceases to exist before publication, or if the information cited is modified or deleted, this information should be included in the footnote.


Social media content

In place of a title, quote up to the first 160 characters of the post. Comments are cited in reference to the original post. Please also include an access date before the link. If the content ceases to exist before publication, or if the information cited is modified or deleted, this information should be included in the note.

footnotes:

shortened notes: Souza, “President Obama.” // Michele Truty, April 17, 2015, 1:09 p.m., comment on Chicago Manual of Style, “singular they.”


Blog

Blog posts and blogs should be cited as online newspapers. Citations include the author of the post; the title of the post, in quotation marks; the title of the blog, in italics. Please also include an access date before the link. If a site ceases to exist before publication, or if the information cited is modified or deleted, this information should be included in the note.

footnote: 

1. Deb Amlen, "One Who Gives a Hoot," Wordplay (blog) , New York Times, January 26, 2015, accessed March 19, 2015, http://wordplay.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/0l/26/one-who-gives-a-hoot/.

2. William Germano, "Futurist Shock,'' Lingua Franca (blog), Chronicle of Higher Education, February 15, 2017, accessed March 11, 2019, http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/linguafranca/2017/02/15/futurist-shock/.

shortened notes: Amlen, ”One Who Gives a Hoot.” // Germano, ”Futurist Shock.”


Video, podcast, and other online multimedia 

These types of content generally follow the norms for any other work - author, title, and manner of consultation need to be specified. Include a URL as the final element of the citation. For multimedia designed to run in a web browser, a file format does not need to be mentioned; if a downloadable file was consulted, specify format.

footnotes:

shortened notes: Weed, At the Foot of the Flatiron. // Spurgeon, interview. // Danforth and Chillag, "F-Bombs."


Style Guidelines for Book Reviews

The title of the reviewed book should be listed as per the below indications. Please type your name and institution, exactly as you wish it to be published, at the end of the review. 

Example: Maria Ionescu, University of Bucharest.


Single-authored books

Giovanni Sartori

Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis

ECPR Press, UK, 2005, 368 pp.


Edited books

Francesco Cavatorta (ed.)

Civil Society Activism under Authoritarian Rule – A comparative perspective

Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York, 2012, 274 pp.